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каталог	16.01.2018

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Главная Инструменты Анализ контента сайта

Данный инструмент поможет Вам Выполнить анализ контента указанного сайта (страницы).

Для успешного продвижения сайта, необходимо иметь релевантный контент и оптимальную плотность слов. При помощи данного сервиса вы сможите выполнить максимально полный анализ контента вашего сайта.
При выполнении анализа будет проанализирован контент вашего сайта на: вес страницы; релевантность, плотность заголовка (title), ключевых слов (keywords) к тексту страницы; скорость, время загрузки страницы; анализирован текст страницы; обработаны стоп-слова; процентное соотношение вхождений слов с текстом страницы; рассчитана частота (TF) терминов содержимого страницы.

Общие данные о странице

Последнее обновление данных:	сегодня (2025-04-20 09:14:45) (для обновления - зарегистрируйтесь, следующее обновление через: 4 д, 21 ч, 44 мин и 4 сек)
URL:	digitaltibetan.win (WHOIS IP, WHOIS DOMAIN)
Размер страницы:	43.59 Kb
Кодировка:	UTF-8
IP сайта:	172.67.209.23
Скорость загрузки:	69.76 Kb/s
Время загрузки:	0.62 sec
Всего символов (с html тэгами):	44641
Всего символов (текст):	19069
Всего символов (текст без пробелов):	16075
Доля контента ко всему коду страницы:	42.72 %
Перенаправление:	https://digitaltibetan.win/wiki/Main_Page
Внутренние / внешние ссылки:	Анализ

Постоянная ссылка на страницу

http://qoogoo.perm.ru/tools/contentcheck/digitaltibetan.win

Общие данные сайта[ Скрыть ]

Поддержка JavaScript отключена!

Заголовок (title)[ Скрыть]

Оригинальный текст

Digital Tibetan Wiki

Обработанный текст (без стоп-слов)

Digital Tibetan Wiki

Общая информация

Всего слов в тексте:	3
Слов в тексте (без стоп-слов):	3
Слов без повторов и стоп-слов:	3
Стоп-слов в тексте:	0
Плотность всех слов к контенту:	3.105
Релевантность текста к контенту:	100 %
Вхождений слов тэга в контенте:	3 из 3
Слов с повтором в тэге > 1 раза:	0

Результат анализа слов тэга

Слово - анализируемое слово

Кол-во в тэге - кол-во повторов текущего слова в анализируемом тэге

Плотность - плотность текущего слова относительно контента страницы

Вхождений - кол-во вхождений текущего слова в контенте страницы

Частота (TF) - Частота TF(Term Frequency) относительно контента страницы

Слово	Кол-во в тэге	Плотность	Вхождений	Частота (TF)
Digital	1	0.1	3	0.333
Tibetan	1	2.905	87	0.333
Wiki	1	0.1	3	0.333

Ключевые слова (keywords)[ Скрыть]

Ключевые слова не найдены на странице!

Описание страници (description)[ Скрыть]

Описание не найдено на странице!

Тэги h1 - h6[ Скрыть]

Тэг h1

Контент страницы[ Скрыть]

Общая информация

Всего слов в тексте:	2995
Слов в тексте (без стоп-слов):	2098
Слов без повторов и стоп-слов:	1071
Стоп-слов в тексте:	897
Список стоп-слов:	[ Показать] to, about, in, what, from, are, an, is, be, the, of, and, as, or, that, they, it, there, on, by, not, at, for, all, with, was, one, which, can, have, but, this, no, will, do, so

Результат анализа слов контента

Слово	Вхождений	В title	В Keywords	Частота (TF)
Jump	1	Нет	Нет	0
content	1	Нет	Нет	0
Main	8	Нет	Нет	0.003
menu	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
move	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
sidebar	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
hide	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
Navigation	1	Нет	Нет	0
page	6	Нет	Нет	0.002
Recent	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
changes	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Random	1	Нет	Нет	0
Help	1	Нет	Нет	0
MediaWiki	1	Нет	Нет	0
Digital	3	Да	Нет	0.001
Tibetan	87	Да	Нет	0.029
Wiki	3	Да	Нет	0.001
Search	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Appearance	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Create	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
account	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
Log	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Personal	1	Нет	Нет	0
tools	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
Discussion	1	Нет	Нет	0
English	1	Нет	Нет	0
Read	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
View	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
source	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
history	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
Actions	1	Нет	Нет	0
General	1	Нет	Нет	0
links	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
here	1	Нет	Нет	0
Related	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Special	1	Нет	Нет	0
pages	1	Нет	Нет	0
Printable	1	Нет	Нет	0
version	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Permanent	1	Нет	Нет	0
link	1	Нет	Нет	0
information	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Tibetans	36	Нет	Нет	0.012
Wylie	1	Нет	Нет	0
bod	1	Нет	Нет	0
pa	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
THL	1	Нет	Нет	0
b	5	Нет	Нет	0.002
East	11	Нет	Нет	0.004
Asian	12	Нет	Нет	0.004
ethnic	7	Нет	Нет	0.002
group	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
native	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Tibet	26	Нет	Нет	0.009
Their	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
current	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
population	13	Нет	Нет	0.004
estimated	1	Нет	Нет	0
around	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
million	6	Нет	Нет	0.002
addition	1	Нет	Нет	0
majority	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
living	9	Нет	Нет	0.003
Autonomous	22	Нет	Нет	0.007
Region	11	Нет	Нет	0.004
China	11	Нет	Нет	0.004
significant	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
numbers	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
live	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
Chinese	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
provinces	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Gansu	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
Qinghai	5	Нет	Нет	0.002
Sichuan	5	Нет	Нет	0.002
Yunnan	5	Нет	Нет	0.002
well	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Bhutan	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
India	9	Нет	Нет	0.003
Nepal	11	Нет	Нет	0.004
Tibetic	6	Нет	Нет	0.002
languages	7	Нет	Нет	0.002
belong	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
Tibeto-Burman	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
language	6	Нет	Нет	0.002
traditional	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
mythological	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
explanation	1	Нет	Нет	0
people	19	Нет	Нет	0.006
s	7	Нет	Нет	0.002
origin	1	Нет	Нет	0
descendants	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
human	1	Нет	Нет	0
Pha	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Trelgen	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Changchup	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Sempa	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
rock	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
ogress	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Ma	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Drag	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Sinmo	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
thought	1	Нет	Нет	0
most	7	Нет	Нет	0.002
speakers	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
southwest	1	Нет	Нет	0
including	5	Нет	Нет	0.002
direct	1	Нет	Нет	0
ancient	8	Нет	Нет	0.003
Qiang	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
practice	1	Нет	Нет	0
Buddhism	6	Нет	Нет	0.002
although	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
a	57	Нет	Нет	0.019
minority	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
observe	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Indigenous	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
Bon	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
religion	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
also	13	Нет	Нет	0.004
smaller	1	Нет	Нет	0
communities	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Muslims	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Christians	1	Нет	Нет	0
influences	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
art	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
drama	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
architecture	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
while	6	Нет	Нет	0.002
harsh	1	Нет	Нет	0
geography	1	Нет	Нет	0
has	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
produced	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
adaptive	1	Нет	Нет	0
culture	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
medicine	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
cuisine	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
Demographics	1	Нет	Нет	0
census	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
prefectures	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
SIL	1	Нет	Нет	0
Ethnologue	1	Нет	Нет	0
documents	1	Нет	Нет	0
additional	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Central	6	Нет	Нет	0.002
Administration	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
CTA	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Green	1	Нет	Нет	0
Book	1	Нет	Нет	0
Government	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
Exile	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
counts	1	Нет	Нет	0
outside	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
little	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
over	10	Нет	Нет	0.003
other	13	Нет	Нет	0.004
parts	1	Нет	Нет	0
world	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
United	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
States	1	Нет	Нет	0
Australia	1	Нет	Нет	0
Brazil	1	Нет	Нет	0
Canada	1	Нет	Нет	0
Costa	1	Нет	Нет	0
Rica	1	Нет	Нет	0
France	1	Нет	Нет	0
Mexico	1	Нет	Нет	0
Norway	1	Нет	Нет	0
Mongolia	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Germany	1	Нет	Нет	0
Switzerland	1	Нет	Нет	0
Kingdom	1	Нет	Нет	0
Baltistan	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Northern	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
Pakistan	1	Нет	Нет	0
Balti	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Muslim	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
ethnicity	1	Нет	Нет	0
descent	1	Нет	Нет	0
numbering	1	Нет	Нет	0
some	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
dispute	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
historical	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
number	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
claims	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
decrease	1	Нет	Нет	0
increase	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
However	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
question	1	Нет	Нет	0
depends	1	Нет	Нет	0
definition	1	Нет	Нет	0
extent	1	Нет	Нет	0
claimed	1	Нет	Нет	0
more	10	Нет	Нет	0.003
expansive	1	Нет	Нет	0
diminutive	1	Нет	Нет	0
did	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
take	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
formal	1	Нет	Нет	0
its	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
territory	1	Нет	Нет	0
1950s	1	Нет	Нет	0
provided	1	Нет	Нет	0
time	1	Нет	Нет	0
were	5	Нет	Нет	0.002
based	1	Нет	Нет	0
informed	1	Нет	Нет	0
guesswork	1	Нет	Нет	0
Children	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Lhasa	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
According	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
Sixth	1	Нет	Нет	0
National	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Republic	1	Нет	Нет	0
nationwide	1	Нет	Нет	0
Province	8	Нет	Нет	0.003
mostly	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Gannan	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Prefecture	13	Нет	Нет	0.004
Bairi	1	Нет	Нет	0
County	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Diqing	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
total	5	Нет	Нет	0.002
country	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
cities	1	Нет	Нет	0
towns	1	Нет	Нет	0
rural	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
areas	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Seventh	1	Нет	Нет	0
within	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
resident	1	Нет	Нет	0
minorities	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
whom	1	Нет	Нет	0
average	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
annual	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
growth	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
rate	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
ten	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
two	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
counties	1	Нет	Нет	0
officially	1	Нет	Нет	0
established	1	Нет	Нет	0
TAR	1	Нет	Нет	0
Haibei	1	Нет	Нет	0
Hainan	1	Нет	Нет	0
Huangnan	1	Нет	Нет	0
Guoluo	1	Нет	Нет	0
Yushu	1	Нет	Нет	0
Haiximenggu	1	Нет	Нет	0
Aba	1	Нет	Нет	0
Ganz	1	Нет	Нет	0
Muji	1	Нет	Нет	0
Tianzhu	1	Нет	Нет	0
found	5	Нет	Нет	0.002
regions	5	Нет	Нет	0.002
Ladakh	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Ladakhi	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Kinnaur	1	Нет	Нет	0
district	1	Нет	Нет	0
Himachal	1	Нет	Нет	0
Pradesh	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Spiti	1	Нет	Нет	0
valley	1	Нет	Нет	0
Uttarakhand	1	Нет	Нет	0
Bhotiya	1	Нет	Нет	0
Sikkim	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
Bhutia	1	Нет	Нет	0
Arunachal	1	Нет	Нет	0
Khamba	1	Нет	Нет	0
Lhoba	1	Нет	Нет	0
Monpa	1	Нет	Нет	0
nearly	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
since	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
them	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
enclaves	1	Нет	Нет	0
such	9	Нет	Нет	0.003
Dharamshala	1	Нет	Нет	0
Bylakuppe	1	Нет	Нет	0
Indian	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
reported	1	Нет	Нет	0
diaspora	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
residing	1	Нет	Нет	0
declined	1	Нет	Нет	0
known	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
Bhotiyas	1	Нет	Нет	0
where	1	Нет	Нет	0
Upper	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Mustang	1	Нет	Нет	0
Dolpo	1	Нет	Нет	0
Walung	1	Нет	Нет	0
Limi	1	Нет	Нет	0
Muchu	1	Нет	Нет	0
valleys	1	Нет	Нет	0
home	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Gurung	1	Нет	Нет	0
Sherpa	5	Нет	Нет	0.002
Jirel	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Hyolmo	1	Нет	Нет	0
Tamang	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
than	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
refugees	1	Нет	Нет	0
article	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
concentrations	1	Нет	Нет	0
peddler	1	Нет	Нет	0
cluster	5	Нет	Нет	0.002
mutually	1	Нет	Нет	0
unintelligible	1	Нет	Нет	0
Sino-Tibetan	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
spoken	1	Нет	Нет	0
approximately	1	Нет	Нет	0
primarily	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
across	1	Нет	Нет	0
wide	1	Нет	Нет	0
area	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
South	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
Asia	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
Plateau	7	Нет	Нет	0.002
Classical	1	Нет	Нет	0
major	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
regional	1	Нет	Нет	0
literary	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
particularly	1	Нет	Нет	0
use	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Buddhist	6	Нет	Нет	0.002
literature	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
dialects	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Tsang	1	Нет	Нет	0
Khams	1	Нет	Нет	0
Amdo	1	Нет	Нет	0
generally	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
considered	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
single	1	Нет	Нет	0
especially	1	Нет	Нет	0
share	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
same	1	Нет	Нет	0
Dzongkha	1	Нет	Нет	0
Sikkimese	1	Нет	Нет	0
separate	1	Нет	Нет	0
Middle	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
aged	1	Нет	Нет	0
woman	1	Нет	Нет	0
spectator	1	Нет	Нет	0
celebrations	1	Нет	Нет	0
TCV	1	Нет	Нет	0
50th	1	Нет	Нет	0
anniversary	1	Нет	Нет	0
Dharamsala	1	Нет	Нет	0
origins	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
roots	1	Нет	Нет	0
traced	1	Нет	Нет	0
back	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
deep	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Eastern	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
lineage	6	Нет	Нет	0.002
representing	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
c	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
years	7	Нет	Нет	0.002
ago	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
arriving	1	Нет	Нет	0
Neolithic	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
farmers	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
Yellow	6	Нет	Нет	0.002
River	5	Нет	Нет	0.002
last	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
associated	9	Нет	Нет	0.003
having	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
introduced	1	Нет	Нет	0
Genetics	1	Нет	Нет	0
See	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Genetic	13	Нет	Нет	0.004
Modern	8	Нет	Нет	0.003
populations	10	Нет	Нет	0.003
genetically	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
similar	1	Нет	Нет	0
Bhutanese	1	Нет	Нет	0
Sino-Tibetan-speaking	1	Нет	Нет	0
show	1	Нет	Нет	0
relatively	1	Нет	Нет	0
affinity	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
Siberian	1	Нет	Нет	0
groups	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
studies	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
shows	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
many	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
allele	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
frequencies	1	Нет	Нет	0
often	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
strongest	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
sample	1	Нет	Нет	0
done	1	Нет	Нет	0
closest	1	Нет	Нет	0
sampled	1	Нет	Нет	0
Han	1	Нет	Нет	0
Additionally	1	Нет	Нет	0
had	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
exhibited	1	Нет	Нет	0
several	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Nepalese	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Rai	1	Нет	Нет	0
followed	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Magars	1	Нет	Нет	0
Haplogroups	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
Proposed	1	Нет	Нет	0
migration	1	Нет	Нет	0
routes	1	Нет	Нет	0
Y	1	Нет	Нет	0
chromosome	1	Нет	Нет	0
D	1	Нет	Нет	0
N	5	Нет	Нет	0.002
O	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
males	1	Нет	Нет	0
predominantly	1	Нет	Нет	0
paternal	1	Нет	Нет	0
D-M174	1	Нет	Нет	0
lower	1	Нет	Нет	0
amounts	1	Нет	Нет	0
O-M175	1	Нет	Нет	0
females	1	Нет	Нет	0
mainly	1	Нет	Нет	0
Northeast	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
maternal	1	Нет	Нет	0
M9a1a	1	Нет	Нет	0
M9a1b	1	Нет	Нет	0
D4g2	1	Нет	Нет	0
D4i	1	Нет	Нет	0
G2ac	1	Нет	Нет	0
showing	1	Нет	Нет	0
continuity	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Highlanders	1	Нет	Нет	0
haplogroup	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
D1	1	Нет	Нет	0
closely	1	Нет	Нет	0
lowland	1	Нет	Нет	0
form	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
divergent	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
sister	1	Нет	Нет	0
branch	1	Нет	Нет	0
Autosomal	1	Нет	Нет	0
DNA	1	Нет	Нет	0
ADMIXTURE	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
graph	1	Нет	Нет	0
Full	1	Нет	Нет	0
genome	1	Нет	Нет	0
revealed	1	Нет	Нет	0
high-alltitude	1	Нет	Нет	0
Asians	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
formed	1	Нет	Нет	0
Eurasian	1	Нет	Нет	0
lineages	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
specifically	1	Нет	Нет	0
Paleolithic	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
distinct	1	Нет	Нет	0
Ust	1	Нет	Нет	0
Ishim	1	Нет	Нет	0
Hoabinhian	1	Нет	Нет	0
Onge	1	Нет	Нет	0
Tianyuan	1	Нет	Нет	0
forming	1	Нет	Нет	0
clade	1	Нет	Нет	0
exclusion	1	Нет	Нет	0
Eurasians	1	Нет	Нет	0
represented	1	Нет	Нет	0
spread	1	Нет	Нет	0
derive	1	Нет	Нет	0
up	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
remaining	1	Нет	Нет	0
being	1	Нет	Нет	0
derived	1	Нет	Нет	0
formation	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
present-day	1	Нет	Нет	0
gene	5	Нет	Нет	0.002
pool	1	Нет	Нет	0
dates	1	Нет	Нет	0
least	1	Нет	Нет	0
BP	1	Нет	Нет	0
Principal	1	Нет	Нет	0
component	1	Нет	Нет	0
analysis	1	Нет	Нет	0
PCA	1	Нет	Нет	0
chronological	1	Нет	Нет	0
geographic	1	Нет	Нет	0
distribution	1	Нет	Нет	0
data	1	Нет	Нет	0
individuals	1	Нет	Нет	0
between	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
approximate	1	Нет	Нет	0
ancestry	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
components	1	Нет	Нет	0
Northeastern	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
display	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
geneflow	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
farmers-like	1	Нет	Нет	0
resulting	1	Нет	Нет	0
cline	1	Нет	Нет	0
samples	1	Нет	Нет	0
diversity	1	Нет	Нет	0
been	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
reduced	1	Нет	Нет	0
compared	1	Нет	Нет	0
Early	1	Нет	Нет	0
suggesting	1	Нет	Нет	0
low	1	Нет	Нет	0
none	1	Нет	Нет	0
Subsequent	1	Нет	Нет	0
internal	1	Нет	Нет	0
resulted	1	Нет	Нет	0
southern	1	Нет	Нет	0
south-southwest	1	Нет	Нет	0
southeastern	1	Нет	Нет	0
southeast-central	1	Нет	Нет	0
limited	1	Нет	Нет	0
contact	1	Нет	Нет	0
inline	1	Нет	Нет	0
events	1	Нет	Нет	0
evident	1	Нет	Нет	0
mutual	1	Нет	Нет	0
expansion	1	Нет	Нет	0
Empire	1	Нет	Нет	0
may	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
left	1	Нет	Нет	0
traces	1	Нет	Нет	0
surrounding	1	Нет	Нет	0
Adaption	1	Нет	Нет	0
high-altitude	1	Нет	Нет	0
environments	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
identified	1	Нет	Нет	0
factors	1	Нет	Нет	0
make	1	Нет	Нет	0
bodies	1	Нет	Нет	0
well-suited	1	Нет	Нет	0
high-altitudes	1	Нет	Нет	0
EPAS1	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
referred	1	Нет	Нет	0
super-athlete	1	Нет	Нет	0
regulates	1	Нет	Нет	0
body	1	Нет	Нет	0
production	1	Нет	Нет	0
hemoglobin	1	Нет	Нет	0
allowing	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
greater	1	Нет	Нет	0
efficiency	1	Нет	Нет	0
oxygen	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
basis	1	Нет	Нет	0
adaptations	1	Нет	Нет	0
attributed	1	Нет	Нет	0
mutation	1	Нет	Нет	0
become	1	Нет	Нет	0
prevalent	1	Нет	Нет	0
past	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
carried	1	Нет	Нет	0
frequency	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
carry	1	Нет	Нет	0
gt	1	Нет	Нет	0
widespread	1	Нет	Нет	0
presence	1	Нет	Нет	0
represent	1	Нет	Нет	0
fastest	1	Нет	Нет	0
change	1	Нет	Нет	0
ever	1	Нет	Нет	0
observed	1	Нет	Нет	0
humans	1	Нет	Нет	0
research	1	Нет	Нет	0
into	5	Нет	Нет	0.002
ability	1	Нет	Нет	0
metabolism	1	Нет	Нет	0
function	1	Нет	Нет	0
normally	1	Нет	Нет	0
oxygen-deficient	1	Нет	Нет	0
atmosphere	1	Нет	Нет	0
above	1	Нет	Нет	0
metres	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
ft	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
high	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
altitudes	1	Нет	Нет	0
blood	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
times	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
nitric	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
oxide	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
double	1	Нет	Нет	0
forearm	1	Нет	Нет	0
flow	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
low-altitude	1	Нет	Нет	0
dwellers	1	Нет	Нет	0
inherited	1	Нет	Нет	0
adaptation	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
due	1	Нет	Нет	0
selected	1	Нет	Нет	0
genes	1	Нет	Нет	0
Denisovan	1	Нет	Нет	0
among	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
highlighting	1	Нет	Нет	0
how	1	Нет	Нет	0
different	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
trigger	1	Нет	Нет	0
selective	1	Нет	Нет	0
pressures	1	Нет	Нет	0
causes	1	Нет	Нет	0
dilation	1	Нет	Нет	0
vessels	1	Нет	Нет	0
freely	1	Нет	Нет	0
extremities	1	Нет	Нет	0
aids	1	Нет	Нет	0
release	1	Нет	Нет	0
tissues	1	Нет	Нет	0
mythology	1	Нет	Нет	0
said	1	Нет	Нет	0
rooted	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
marriage	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
monkey	1	Нет	Нет	0
Buddhists	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
performing	1	Нет	Нет	0
prostrations	1	Нет	Нет	0
front	1	Нет	Нет	0
Jokhang	1	Нет	Нет	0
Monastery	1	Нет	Нет	0
Further	1	Нет	Нет	0
collection	1	Нет	Нет	0
traditions	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
absorbed	1	Нет	Нет	0
mainstream	1	Нет	Нет	0
small	1	Нет	Нет	0
Christian	1	Нет	Нет	0
northwestern	1	Нет	Нет	0
legend	1	Нет	Нет	0
28th	1	Нет	Нет	0
king	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
Thothori	1	Нет	Нет	0
Nyantsen	1	Нет	Нет	0
dreamed	1	Нет	Нет	0
sacred	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
treasure	1	Нет	Нет	0
falling	1	Нет	Нет	0
heaven	1	Нет	Нет	0
contained	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
sutra	1	Нет	Нет	0
mantras	1	Нет	Нет	0
religious	8	Нет	Нет	0.003
objects	1	Нет	Нет	0
because	1	Нет	Нет	0
script	1	Нет	Нет	0
invented	1	Нет	Нет	0
text	1	Нет	Нет	0
could	1	Нет	Нет	0
translated	1	Нет	Нет	0
writing	1	Нет	Нет	0
initially	1	Нет	Нет	0
knew	1	Нет	Нет	0
written	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
root	1	Нет	Нет	0
until	1	Нет	Нет	0
reign	1	Нет	Нет	0
Songtsen	1	Нет	Нет	0
Gampo	1	Нет	Нет	0
who	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
married	1	Нет	Нет	0
princesses	1	Нет	Нет	0
Bhrikuti	1	Нет	Нет	0
Wencheng	1	Нет	Нет	0
then	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
gained	1	Нет	Нет	0
popularity	1	Нет	Нет	0
when	1	Нет	Нет	0
Padmasambh	1	Нет	Нет	0
va	1	Нет	Нет	0
visited	1	Нет	Нет	0
invitation	1	Нет	Нет	0
38th	1	Нет	Нет	0
Trisong	1	Нет	Нет	0
Deutson	1	Нет	Нет	0
Today	1	Нет	Нет	0
placing	1	Нет	Нет	0
Mani	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
stones	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
prominently	1	Нет	Нет	0
public	1	Нет	Нет	0
places	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
lamas	5	Нет	Нет	0.002
both	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
play	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
role	1	Нет	Нет	0
lives	1	Нет	Нет	0
conducting	1	Нет	Нет	0
ceremonies	1	Нет	Нет	0
taking	1	Нет	Нет	0
care	1	Нет	Нет	0
monasteries	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Pilgrims	1	Нет	Нет	0
plant	1	Нет	Нет	0
prayer	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
flags	1	Нет	Нет	0
grounds	1	Нет	Нет	0
symbol	1	Нет	Нет	0
good	1	Нет	Нет	0
luck	1	Нет	Нет	0
wheel	1	Нет	Нет	0
means	1	Нет	Нет	0
simulating	1	Нет	Нет	0
chant	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
mantra	1	Нет	Нет	0
physically	1	Нет	Нет	0
revolving	1	Нет	Нет	0
object	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
clockwise	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
direction	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
widely	1	Нет	Нет	0
seen	1	Нет	Нет	0
order	1	Нет	Нет	0
desecrate	1	Нет	Нет	0
artifacts	1	Нет	Нет	0
Stupas	1	Нет	Нет	0
Gompas	1	Нет	Нет	0
walk	1	Нет	Нет	0
reverse	1	Нет	Нет	0
true	1	Нет	Нет	0
Om	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
padme	1	Нет	Нет	0
hum	1	Нет	Нет	0
practitioners	1	Нет	Нет	0
matri	1	Нет	Нет	0
muye	1	Нет	Нет	0
sale	1	Нет	Нет	0
du	1	Нет	Нет	0
wearing	1	Нет	Нет	0
typical	1	Нет	Нет	0
hat	1	Нет	Нет	0
operating	1	Нет	Нет	0
quern	1	Нет	Нет	0
grind	1	Нет	Нет	0
fried	1	Нет	Нет	0
barley	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
perpendicular	1	Нет	Нет	0
handle	1	Нет	Нет	0
rotary	1	Нет	Нет	0
handmills	1	Нет	Нет	0
works	1	Нет	Нет	0
crank	1	Нет	Нет	0
photo	1	Нет	Нет	0
rich	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
festivals	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Losar	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Shoton	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Linka	1	Нет	Нет	0
Bathing	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Festival	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
deeply	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
contain	1	Нет	Нет	0
foreign	1	Нет	Нет	0
Each	1	Нет	Нет	0
person	1	Нет	Нет	0
takes	1	Нет	Нет	0
part	1	Нет	Нет	0
three	1	Нет	Нет	0
birth	1	Нет	Нет	0
death	1	Нет	Нет	0
citation	1	Нет	Нет	0
needed	1	Нет	Нет	0
nature	1	Нет	Нет	0
exquisitely	1	Нет	Нет	0
detailed	1	Нет	Нет	0
statues	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Gonpas	1	Нет	Нет	0
wooden	1	Нет	Нет	0
carvings	1	Нет	Нет	0
intricate	1	Нет	Нет	0
designs	1	Нет	Нет	0
Thangka	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
paintings	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
almost	1	Нет	Нет	0
every	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
aspect	1	Нет	Нет	0
daily	1	Нет	Нет	0
life	1	Нет	Нет	0
syncretism	1	Нет	Нет	0
scroll-painting	1	Нет	Нет	0
Kashmiri	1	Нет	Нет	0
painting	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
appeared	1	Нет	Нет	0
8th	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
century	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
Rectangular	1	Нет	Нет	0
painted	1	Нет	Нет	0
cotton	1	Нет	Нет	0
linen	1	Нет	Нет	0
usually	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
depict	1	Нет	Нет	0
motifs	1	Нет	Нет	0
astrological	1	Нет	Нет	0
theological	1	Нет	Нет	0
subjects	1	Нет	Нет	0
sometimes	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
mandala	1	Нет	Нет	0
ensure	1	Нет	Нет	0
image	1	Нет	Нет	0
fade	1	Нет	Нет	0
organic	1	Нет	Нет	0
mineral	1	Нет	Нет	0
pigments	1	Нет	Нет	0
added	1	Нет	Нет	0
framed	1	Нет	Нет	0
colorful	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
silk	1	Нет	Нет	0
brocades	1	Нет	Нет	0
folk	1	Нет	Нет	0
opera	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
lhamo	1	Нет	Нет	0
combination	1	Нет	Нет	0
dances	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
chants	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
songs	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
repertoire	1	Нет	Нет	0
drawn	1	Нет	Нет	0
stories	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
founded	1	Нет	Нет	0
fourteenth	1	Нет	Нет	0
Thang	1	Нет	Нет	0
Tong	1	Нет	Нет	0
Gyalpo	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
lama	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
bridge-builder	1	Нет	Нет	0
seven	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
girls	1	Нет	Нет	0
he	1	Нет	Нет	0
recruited	1	Нет	Нет	0
organized	1	Нет	Нет	0
first	1	Нет	Нет	0
performance	4	Нет	Нет	0.001
raise	1	Нет	Нет	0
funds	1	Нет	Нет	0
building	1	Нет	Нет	0
bridges	1	Нет	Нет	0
facilitate	1	Нет	Нет	0
transportation	1	Нет	Нет	0
tradition	1	Нет	Нет	0
continued	1	Нет	Нет	0
uninterrupted	1	Нет	Нет	0
hundred	1	Нет	Нет	0
performances	1	Нет	Нет	0
held	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
various	1	Нет	Нет	0
festive	1	Нет	Нет	0
occasions	1	Нет	Нет	0
Lingka	1	Нет	Нет	0
barren	1	Нет	Нет	0
stage	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
combines	1	Нет	Нет	0
masks	1	Нет	Нет	0
worn	1	Нет	Нет	0
identify	1	Нет	Нет	0
character	1	Нет	Нет	0
red	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
symbolizing	1	Нет	Нет	0
indicating	1	Нет	Нет	0
deities	1	Нет	Нет	0
starts	1	Нет	Нет	0
purification	1	Нет	Нет	0
blessings	1	Нет	Нет	0
narrator	1	Нет	Нет	0
sings	1	Нет	Нет	0
summary	1	Нет	Нет	0
story	1	Нет	Нет	0
begins	1	Нет	Нет	0
Another	1	Нет	Нет	0
ritual	1	Нет	Нет	0
blessing	1	Нет	Нет	0
conducted	1	Нет	Нет	0
end	1	Нет	Нет	0
myths	1	Нет	Нет	0
epics	1	Нет	Нет	0
reincarnation	1	Нет	Нет	0
chosen	1	Нет	Нет	0
great	1	Нет	Нет	0
things	1	Нет	Нет	0
unusual	1	Нет	Нет	0
feature	1	Нет	Нет	0
houses	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
built	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
elevated	1	Нет	Нет	0
sunny	1	Нет	Нет	0
sites	1	Нет	Нет	0
facing	1	Нет	Нет	0
commonly	1	Нет	Нет	0
made	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
mixture	1	Нет	Нет	0
rocks	1	Нет	Нет	0
wood	1	Нет	Нет	0
cement	1	Нет	Нет	0
earth	1	Нет	Нет	0
fuel	1	Нет	Нет	0
available	1	Нет	Нет	0
heating	1	Нет	Нет	0
lighting	1	Нет	Нет	0
flat	1	Нет	Нет	0
roofs	1	Нет	Нет	0
conserve	1	Нет	Нет	0
heat	1	Нет	Нет	0
multiple	1	Нет	Нет	0
windows	1	Нет	Нет	0
constructed	1	Нет	Нет	0
let	1	Нет	Нет	0
sunlight	1	Нет	Нет	0
Walls	1	Нет	Нет	0
sloped	1	Нет	Нет	0
inwards	1	Нет	Нет	0
degrees	1	Нет	Нет	0
precaution	1	Нет	Нет	0
against	1	Нет	Нет	0
frequent	1	Нет	Нет	0
earthquakes	1	Нет	Нет	0
mountainous	1	Нет	Нет	0
homes	1	Нет	Нет	0
buildings	1	Нет	Нет	0
white-washed	1	Нет	Нет	0
beautifully	1	Нет	Нет	0
decorated	1	Нет	Нет	0
inside	1	Нет	Нет	0
Standing	1	Нет	Нет	0
height	1	Нет	Нет	0
width	1	Нет	Нет	0
Potala	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Palace	3	Нет	Нет	0.001
important	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
example	1	Нет	Нет	0
Formerly	1	Нет	Нет	0
residence	1	Нет	Нет	0
Dalai	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
contains	1	Нет	Нет	0
thousand	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
rooms	1	Нет	Нет	0
thirteen	1	Нет	Нет	0
portraits	1	Нет	Нет	0
Buddha	1	Нет	Нет	0
divided	1	Нет	Нет	0
outer	1	Нет	Нет	0
White	1	Нет	Нет	0
serves	1	Нет	Нет	0
administrative	1	Нет	Нет	0
quarters	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
inner	1	Нет	Нет	0
assembly	1	Нет	Нет	0
hall	1	Нет	Нет	0
chapels	1	Нет	Нет	0
shrines	1	Нет	Нет	0
vast	1	Нет	Нет	0
library	1	Нет	Нет	0
scriptures	1	Нет	Нет	0
utilizes	1	Нет	Нет	0
types	1	Нет	Нет	0
plants	1	Нет	Нет	0
forty	1	Нет	Нет	0
animal	1	Нет	Нет	0
species	1	Нет	Нет	0
fifty	1	Нет	Нет	0
minerals	1	Нет	Нет	0
key	1	Нет	Нет	0
figures	1	Нет	Нет	0
development	1	Нет	Нет	0
renowned	1	Нет	Нет	0
physician	1	Нет	Нет	0
Yuthog	1	Нет	Нет	0
Yontan	1	Нет	Нет	0
Gonpo	1	Нет	Нет	0
Four	1	Нет	Нет	0
Medical	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
Tantras	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
integrating	1	Нет	Нет	0
material	1	Нет	Нет	0
Persia	1	Нет	Нет	0
chapters	1	Нет	Нет	0
Thangkas	1	Нет	Нет	0
tell	1	Нет	Нет	0
archaic	1	Нет	Нет	0
essences	1	Нет	Нет	0
medicines	1	Нет	Нет	0
simple	1	Нет	Нет	0
breakfast	1	Нет	Нет	0
reflects	1	Нет	Нет	0
heritage	1	Нет	Нет	0
altitude	1	Нет	Нет	0
culinary	1	Нет	Нет	0
restrictions	1	Нет	Нет	0
crop	1	Нет	Нет	0
Dough	1	Нет	Нет	0
flour	1	Нет	Нет	0
called	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
tsampa	1	Нет	Нет	0
staple	1	Нет	Нет	0
food	1	Нет	Нет	0
either	1	Нет	Нет	0
rolled	1	Нет	Нет	0
noodles	1	Нет	Нет	0
steamed	1	Нет	Нет	0
dumplings	1	Нет	Нет	0
momo	1	Нет	Нет	0
Meat	1	Нет	Нет	0
dishes	1	Нет	Нет	0
likely	1	Нет	Нет	0
yak	2	Нет	Нет	0.001
goat	1	Нет	Нет	0
mutton	1	Нет	Нет	0
dried	1	Нет	Нет	0
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Jump to content Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation Main page Recent changes Random page Help about MediaWiki Digital Tibetan Wiki Search Search Appearance Create account Log in Personal tools Create account Log in Main Page Main Page Discussion English Read View source View history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions Read View source View history General What links here Related changes Special pages Printable version Permanent link Page information Appearance move to sidebar hide From Digital Tibetan Wiki Tibetans Tibetan Wylie bod pa THL b pa are an East Asian ethnic group native to Tibet Their current population is estimated to be around million In addition to the majority living in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China significant numbers of Tibetans live in the Chinese provinces of Gansu Qinghai Sichuan and Yunnan as well as in Bhutan India and Nepal The Tibetic languages belong to the Tibeto-Burman language group The traditional or mythological explanation of the Tibetan people s origin is that they are the descendants of the human Pha Trelgen Changchup Sempa and rock ogress Ma Drag Sinmo It is thought that most of the Tibeto-Burman speakers in southwest China including Tibetans are direct descendants from the ancient Qiang people Most Tibetans practice Tibetan Buddhism although a significant minority observe the Indigenous Bon religion There are also smaller communities of Tibetan Muslims and Christians Tibetan Buddhism influences Tibetan art drama and architecture while the harsh geography of Tibet has produced an adaptive culture of Tibetan medicine and cuisine Demographics As of the census there are about million Tibetans living in the Tibet Autonomous Region and the Tibetan autonomous prefectures in the provinces of Gansu Qinghai Sichuan and Yunnan The SIL Ethnologue in documents an additional Tibetic speakers living in India in Nepal and in Bhutan The Central Tibetan Administration s CTA Green Book of the Tibetan Government in Exile counts Tibetans outside Tibet a little over in India over in Nepal over in Bhutan and over in other parts of the world There are Tibetan communities in the United States Australia Brazil Canada Costa Rica France Mexico Norway Mongolia Germany Switzerland and the United Kingdom In the Baltistan region of Northern Pakistan the Balti people are a Muslim ethnicity of Tibetan descent numbering around There is some dispute over the current and historical number of Tibetans The Central Tibetan Administration claims that the million number is a decrease from million in while the Chinese government claims that it is an increase from million in However the question depends on the definition and extent of Tibet the region claimed by the CTA is more expansive and China more diminutive Also the Tibetan administration did not take a formal census of its territory in the 1950s the numbers provided by the administration at the time were based on informed guesswork In China Children in Lhasa Tibet Children in Lhasa Tibet According to the Sixth National Population Census of the People s Republic of China there are Tibetans nationwide There are people in the Tibet Autonomous Region people in Sichuan Province people in Qinghai Province people in Gansu Province mostly in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Bairi Tibetan Autonomous County and people in Yunnan Province mostly in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Tibetans account for of the total population of the country Tibetans account for of the total population in Tibet Region of the total population of Qinghai and of the total population in Sichuan Of all Tibetans in China people live in cities in towns and people live in rural areas According to the Seventh Census of there are Tibetans living within China Of the resident population of the Tibet Autonomous Region were Tibetans and other ethnic minorities of whom were Tibetans an increase of or over with an average annual growth rate of were other ethnic minorities an increase of or over with an average annual growth rate of and were other ethnic minorities an increase of or over with an average annual growth rate of The average annual growth rate was There are one region ten prefectures and two counties officially established by the government the Tibet Autonomous Region TAR Qinghai Province Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Haiximenggu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Sichuan Province Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture Ganz Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Muji Tibetan Autonomous County Gansu Province Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Yunnan Province Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture In India In India Tibetic people are found in the regions of Ladakh Ladakhi and Balti Kinnaur district in Himachal Pradesh Spiti valley Uttarakhand Bhotiya Sikkim Bhutia and Arunachal Pradesh Khamba Lhoba and Monpa people There are also nearly Tibetans living in exile in India since the majority of them living in Tibetan enclaves such as Dharamshala and Bylakuppe In the Indian government reported Tibetan diaspora residing in India In the number of Tibetan diaspora in India declined to In Nepal Tibetans are known as Bhotiyas in Nepal where they are majority in regions such as Upper Mustang Dolpo Walung region and Limi and Muchu valleys Nepal is also home to other Tibetic people such as the Gurung Sherpa Jirel Hyolmo and Tamang There are also more than Tibetan refugees in Nepal Language Main article Tibetic languages Areas in which concentrations of ethnic Tibetans live within China Tibetan peddler living in Nepal The Tibetic languages Tibetan are a cluster of mutually unintelligible Sino-Tibetan languages spoken by approximately million people primarily Tibetan living across a wide area of East and South Asia including the Tibetan Plateau and Baltistan Ladakh Nepal Sikkim and Bhutan Classical Tibetan is a major regional literary language particularly for its use in Buddhist literature The Central Tibetan language the dialects of Tsang including Lhasa Khams Tibetan and Amdo Tibetan are generally considered to be dialects of a single language especially since they all share the same literary language while Dzongkha Sikkimese Sherpa Jirel and Ladakhi are generally considered to be separate languages Tibetan Middle aged woman in Sikkim Tibetan spectator at celebrations for TCV s 50th anniversary Dharamsala Ethnic origins The ethnic roots of Tibetans can be traced back to a deep Eastern Asian lineage representing the indigenous population of the Tibetan plateau since c to years ago and arriving Neolithic farmers from the Yellow River within the last years and which can be associated with having introduced the Sino-Tibetan languages Genetics See also Genetic history of East Asia Modern Tibetan populations are genetically most similar to other East Asian populations Bhutanese as well as other Sino-Tibetan-speaking populations They show relatively more genetic affinity for modern Central Asian than modern Siberian populations They also share some genetic affinity for South Asian groups Genetic studies shows that many of the Sherpa people have allele frequencies which are often found in other Tibeto-Burman regions the strongest affinity was for Tibetan population sample studies done in the Tibet Autonomous Region Genetically the Sherpa cluster closest with the sampled Tibetan and Han populations Additionally the Sherpa and Tibetans had exhibited affinity for several Nepalese populations with the strongest for the Rai people followed by the Magars and the Tamang Haplogroups Proposed migration routes of the East Asian Y chromosome haplogroups C D N and O Tibetan males predominantly belong to the paternal lineage D-M174 followed by lower amounts of O-M175 Tibetan females belong mainly to the Northeast Asian maternal haplogroups M9a1a M9a1b D4g2 D4i and G2ac showing continuity with ancient middle and upper Yellow River populations Although East Asian Highlanders associated with haplogroup D1 are closely related to East Asian lowland farmers associated with haplogroup O they form a divergent sister branch to them Autosomal DNA ADMIXTURE graph on modern Tibetan groups Full genome studies revealed that Tibetans and other high-alltitude East Asians formed from two divergent Ancient East Eurasian lineages in Eastern Asia specifically a lineage representing the Paleolithic population of the Tibetan Plateau and a lineage associated with Ancient Northern East Asians The Paleolithic Tibetan lineage was found to be distinct from other deep lineages such as Ust Ishim Hoabinhian Onge or Tianyuan but forming a clade with them to the exclusion of other Eurasians The Northern East Asian lineage can be represented by Neolithic Yellow River farmers which are associated with the spread of Sino-Tibetan languages Modern Tibetans derive up to from Paleolithic Tibetans with the remaining being primarily derived from Yellow River farmers The formation of the present-day Tibetan gene pool dates back at least years BP Principal component analysis PCA on chronological geographic distribution and genetic data of ancient individuals of the Tibetan Plateau Genetic links between Tibeto-Burman speakers and their approximate ancestry components Northeastern Tibetans display additional geneflow from a Yellow River farmers-like population c years ago resulting in the formation of a Tibetan cline Modern Tibetans display genetic continuity to ancient samples from Nepal with their genetic diversity having been reduced compared to Early Ancient Tibetans suggesting low to none geneflow from outside groups since c years ago Subsequent internal geneflow resulted in a northeastern plateau ancestry associated with the northeast cluster a southern plateau ancestry associated with the south-southwest cluster and a southeastern plateau ancestry associated with the southeast-central cluster There was limited contact with Central Asian populations inline with historical events evident in mutual geneflow The expansion of the Tibetan Empire may have left genetic traces in surrounding populations Adaption to high-altitude environments Genetic studies identified more than genetic factors that make Tibetans bodies well-suited for high-altitudes including the EPAS1 gene also referred to as the super-athlete gene which regulates the body s production of hemoglobin allowing for greater efficiency in the use of oxygen The genetic basis of Tibetan adaptations have been attributed to a mutation in the EPAS1 gene and has become prevalent in the past years Ancient Tibetans carried this allele at a frequency of while modern Tibetans carry it at a frequency of gt The widespread presence of this gene may represent one of the fastest genetic change ever observed in humans Recent research into the ability of Tibetans metabolism to function normally in the oxygen-deficient atmosphere above metres ft shows that although Tibetans living at high altitudes have no more oxygen in their blood than other people they have ten times more nitric oxide and double the forearm blood flow of low-altitude dwellers Tibetans inherited this adaptation due to selected genes associated with Denisovan admixture among Asian populations highlighting how different environments trigger different selective pressures Nitric oxide causes dilation of blood vessels allowing blood to flow more freely to the extremities and aids the release of oxygen to tissues Mythological origins According to Tibetan mythology the origins of Tibetans are said to be rooted in the marriage of the monkey Pha Trelgen Changchup Sempa and rock ogress Ma Drag Sinmo Religion Buddhists performing prostrations in front of Jokhang Monastery Further information Bon Tibetan Buddhism and Tibetan Muslims Most Tibetans generally observe Tibetan Buddhism or a collection of native traditions known as B n also absorbed into mainstream Tibetan Buddhism There is a minority Tibetan Muslim population There is also a small Tibetan Christian population in the eastern Tibet and northwestern Yunnan of China According to legend the 28th king of Tibet Thothori Nyantsen dreamed of a sacred treasure falling from heaven which contained a Buddhist sutra mantras and religious objects However because the Tibetan script had not been invented the text could not be translated in writing and no one initially knew what was written in it Buddhism did not take root in Tibet until the reign of Songtsen Gampo who married two Buddhist princesses Bhrikuti of Nepal and Wencheng of China It then gained popularity when Padmasambh va visited Tibet at the invitation of the 38th Tibetan king Trisong Deutson Today one can see Tibetans placing Mani stones prominently in public places Tibetan lamas both Buddhist and B n play a major role in the lives of Tibetans conducting religious ceremonies and taking care of the monasteries Pilgrims plant prayer flags over sacred grounds as a symbol of good luck The prayer wheel is a means of simulating the chant of a mantra by physically revolving the object several times in a clockwise direction It is widely seen among Tibetans In order not to desecrate religious artifacts such as Stupas mani stones and Gompas Tibetan Buddhists walk around them in a clockwise direction although the reverse direction is true for B n Tibetan Buddhists chant the prayer Om mani padme hum while the practitioners of B n chant Om matri muye sale du Culture Main article Culture of Tibet Tibetan wearing the typical hat operating a quern to grind fried barley The perpendicular handle of such rotary handmills works as a crank photo Tibet is rich in culture Tibetan festivals such as Losar Shoton Linka and the Bathing Festival are deeply rooted in indigenous religion and also contain foreign influences Each person takes part in the Bathing Festival three times at birth at marriage and at death citation needed Art Tibetan art is deeply religious in nature from the exquisitely detailed statues found in Gonpas to wooden carvings and the intricate designs of the Thangka paintings Tibetan art can be found in almost every object and every aspect of daily life Thangka paintings a syncretism of Indian scroll-painting with Nepalese and Kashmiri painting appeared in Tibet around the 8th century Rectangular and painted on cotton or linen they usually depict traditional motifs including religious astrological and theological subjects and sometimes a mandala To ensure that the image will not fade organic and mineral pigments are added and the painting is framed in colorful silk brocades Drama Tibetan folk opera known as lhamo is a combination of dances chants and songs The repertoire is drawn from Buddhist stories and Tibetan history Tibetan opera was founded in the fourteenth century by Thang Tong Gyalpo a lama and a bridge-builder Gyalpo and seven girls he recruited organized the first performance to raise funds for building bridges to facilitate transportation in Tibet The tradition continued uninterrupted for nearly seven hundred years and performances are held on various festive occasions such as the Lingka and Shoton festival The performance is usually a drama held on a barren stage that combines dances chants and songs Colorful masks are sometimes worn to identify a character with red symbolizing a king and yellow indicating deities and lamas The performance starts with a stage purification and blessings A narrator then sings a summary of the story and the performance begins Another ritual blessing is conducted at the end of the play There are also many historical myths epics written by high lamas about the reincarnation of a chosen one who will do great things Architecture The most unusual feature of Tibetan architecture is that many of the houses and monasteries are built on elevated sunny sites facing the south They are commonly made of a mixture of rocks wood cement and earth Little fuel is available for heating or lighting so flat roofs are built to conserve heat and multiple windows are constructed to let in sunlight Walls are usually sloped inwards at degrees as a precaution against frequent earthquakes in the mountainous area Tibetan homes and buildings are white-washed on the outside and beautifully decorated inside Standing at metres ft in height and metres ft in width the Potala Palace is considered the most important example of Tibetan architecture Formerly the residence of the Dalai Lama it contains over a thousand rooms within thirteen stories and houses portraits of the past Dalai Lamas and statues of the Buddha It is divided between the outer White Palace which serves as the administrative quarters and the inner Red Quarters which houses the assembly hall of the Lamas chapels shrines and a vast library of Buddhist scriptures Potala Palace Medicine Traditional Tibetan medicine utilizes up to two thousand types of plants forty animal species and fifty minerals One of the key figures in its development was the renowned 8th century physician Yuthog Yontan Gonpo who produced the Four Medical Tantras integrating material from the medical traditions of Persia India and China The tantras contained a total of chapters in the form of Thangkas which tell about the archaic Tibetan medicine and the essences of medicines in other places Cuisine A simple Tibetan breakfast The Cuisine of Tibet reflects the rich heritage of the country and people s adaptation to high altitude and religious culinary restrictions The most important crop is barley Dough made from barley flour called tsampa is the staple food of Tibet This is either rolled into noodles or made into steamed dumplings called momo Meat dishes are likely to be yak goat or mutton often dried or cooked into a spicy stew with potatoes Mustard seed is cultivated in Tibet and therefore features heavily in its cuisine Yak yogurt butter and cheese are frequently eaten and well-prepared yogurt is considered something of a prestige item Clothing Men and Women wear long thick dresses chuba in more traditional and rural regions The men wear a shorter version with pants underneath The style of the clothing varies between regions Nomads often wear thick sheepskin versions In more urban places like Lhasa men and women dress in modern clothing and many choose to wear chuba during festivals and holidays like Losar Literature Main article Tibetan literature Tibet has national literature that has both religious semi-spiritual and secular elements While the religious texts are well-known Tibet is also home to the semi-spiritual Gesar Epic which is the longest epic in the world and is popular throughout Mongolia and Central Asia There are secular texts such as The Dispute Between Tea and Chang Tibetan beer and Khache Phalu s Advice Retrieved from https digitaltibetan win index php title Main_Page amp oldid This page was last edited on March at Privacy policy About Digital Tibetan Wiki Disclaimers

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Jump content Main menu Main menu move sidebar hide Navigation Main page Recent changes Random page Help MediaWiki Digital Tibetan Wiki Search Search Appearance Create account Log Personal tools Create account Log Main Page Main Page Discussion English Read View source View history Tools Tools move sidebar hide Actions Read View source View history General links here Related changes Special pages Printable version Permanent link Page information Appearance move sidebar hide Digital Tibetan Wiki Tibetans Tibetan Wylie bod pa THL b pa East Asian ethnic group native Tibet Their current population estimated around million addition majority living Tibet Autonomous Region China significant numbers Tibetans live Chinese provinces Gansu Qinghai Sichuan Yunnan well Bhutan India Nepal Tibetic languages belong Tibeto-Burman language group traditional mythological explanation Tibetan people s origin descendants human Pha Trelgen Changchup Sempa rock ogress Ma Drag Sinmo thought most Tibeto-Burman speakers southwest China including Tibetans direct descendants ancient Qiang people Most Tibetans practice Tibetan Buddhism although a significant minority observe Indigenous Bon religion also smaller communities Tibetan Muslims Christians Tibetan Buddhism influences Tibetan art drama architecture while harsh geography Tibet has produced adaptive culture Tibetan medicine cuisine Demographics census million Tibetans living Tibet Autonomous Region Tibetan autonomous prefectures provinces Gansu Qinghai Sichuan Yunnan SIL Ethnologue documents additional Tibetic speakers living India Nepal Bhutan Central Tibetan Administration s CTA Green Book Tibetan Government Exile counts Tibetans outside Tibet a little over India over Nepal over Bhutan over other parts world Tibetan communities United States Australia Brazil Canada Costa Rica France Mexico Norway Mongolia Germany Switzerland United Kingdom Baltistan region Northern Pakistan Balti people a Muslim ethnicity Tibetan descent numbering around some dispute over current historical number Tibetans Central Tibetan Administration claims million number a decrease million while Chinese government claims increase million However question depends definition extent Tibet region claimed CTA more expansive China more diminutive Also Tibetan administration did take a formal census its territory 1950s numbers provided administration time were based informed guesswork China Children Lhasa Tibet Children Lhasa Tibet According Sixth National Population Census People s Republic China Tibetans nationwide people Tibet Autonomous Region people Sichuan Province people Qinghai Province people Gansu Province mostly Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Bairi Tibetan Autonomous County people Yunnan Province mostly Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Tibetans account total population country Tibetans account total population Tibet Region total population Qinghai total population Sichuan Tibetans China people live cities towns people live rural areas According Seventh Census Tibetans living within China resident population Tibet Autonomous Region were Tibetans other ethnic minorities whom were Tibetans increase over average annual growth rate were other ethnic minorities increase over average annual growth rate were other ethnic minorities increase over average annual growth rate average annual growth rate region ten prefectures two counties officially established government Tibet Autonomous Region TAR Qinghai Province Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Haiximenggu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Sichuan Province Aba Tibetan Qiang Autonomous Prefecture Ganz Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Muji Tibetan Autonomous County Gansu Province Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Yunnan Province Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture India India Tibetic people found regions Ladakh Ladakhi Balti Kinnaur district Himachal Pradesh Spiti valley Uttarakhand Bhotiya Sikkim Bhutia Arunachal Pradesh Khamba Lhoba Monpa people also nearly Tibetans living exile India since majority them living Tibetan enclaves such Dharamshala Bylakuppe Indian government reported Tibetan diaspora residing India number Tibetan diaspora India declined Nepal Tibetans known Bhotiyas Nepal where majority regions such Upper Mustang Dolpo Walung region Limi Muchu valleys Nepal also home other Tibetic people such Gurung Sherpa Jirel Hyolmo Tamang also more than Tibetan refugees Nepal Language Main article Tibetic languages Areas concentrations ethnic Tibetans live within China Tibetan peddler living Nepal Tibetic languages Tibetan a cluster mutually unintelligible Sino-Tibetan languages spoken approximately million people primarily Tibetan living across a wide area East South Asia including Tibetan Plateau Baltistan Ladakh Nepal Sikkim Bhutan Classical Tibetan a major regional literary language particularly its use Buddhist literature Central Tibetan language dialects Tsang including Lhasa Khams Tibetan Amdo Tibetan generally considered dialects a single language especially since share same literary language while Dzongkha Sikkimese Sherpa Jirel Ladakhi generally considered separate languages Tibetan Middle aged woman Sikkim Tibetan spectator celebrations TCV s 50th anniversary Dharamsala Ethnic origins ethnic roots Tibetans traced back a deep Eastern Asian lineage representing indigenous population Tibetan plateau since c years ago arriving Neolithic farmers Yellow River within last years associated having introduced Sino-Tibetan languages Genetics See also Genetic history East Asia Modern Tibetan populations genetically most similar other East Asian populations Bhutanese well other Sino-Tibetan-speaking populations show relatively more genetic affinity modern Central Asian than modern Siberian populations also share some genetic affinity South Asian groups Genetic studies shows many Sherpa people allele frequencies often found other Tibeto-Burman regions strongest affinity Tibetan population sample studies done Tibet Autonomous Region Genetically Sherpa cluster closest sampled Tibetan Han populations Additionally Sherpa Tibetans had exhibited affinity several Nepalese populations strongest Rai people followed Magars Tamang Haplogroups Proposed migration routes East Asian Y chromosome haplogroups C D N O Tibetan males predominantly belong paternal lineage D-M174 followed lower amounts O-M175 Tibetan females belong mainly Northeast Asian maternal haplogroups M9a1a M9a1b D4g2 D4i G2ac showing continuity ancient middle upper Yellow River populations Although East Asian Highlanders associated haplogroup D1 closely related East Asian lowland farmers associated haplogroup O form a divergent sister branch them Autosomal DNA ADMIXTURE graph modern Tibetan groups Full genome studies revealed Tibetans other high-alltitude East Asians formed two divergent Ancient East Eurasian lineages Eastern Asia specifically a lineage representing Paleolithic population Tibetan Plateau a lineage associated Ancient Northern East Asians Paleolithic Tibetan lineage found distinct other deep lineages such Ust Ishim Hoabinhian Onge Tianyuan forming a clade them exclusion other Eurasians Northern East Asian lineage represented Neolithic Yellow River farmers associated spread Sino-Tibetan languages Modern Tibetans derive up Paleolithic Tibetans remaining being primarily derived Yellow River farmers formation present-day Tibetan gene pool dates back least years BP Principal component analysis PCA chronological geographic distribution genetic data ancient individuals Tibetan Plateau Genetic links between Tibeto-Burman speakers their approximate ancestry components Northeastern Tibetans display additional geneflow a Yellow River farmers-like population c years ago resulting formation a Tibetan cline Modern Tibetans display genetic continuity ancient samples Nepal their genetic diversity having been reduced compared Early Ancient Tibetans suggesting low none geneflow outside groups since c years ago Subsequent internal geneflow resulted a northeastern plateau ancestry associated northeast cluster a southern plateau ancestry associated south-southwest cluster a southeastern plateau ancestry associated southeast-central cluster limited contact Central Asian populations inline historical events evident mutual geneflow expansion Tibetan Empire may left genetic traces surrounding populations Adaption high-altitude environments Genetic studies identified more than genetic factors make Tibetans bodies well-suited high-altitudes including EPAS1 gene also referred super-athlete gene regulates body s production hemoglobin allowing greater efficiency use oxygen genetic basis Tibetan adaptations been attributed a mutation EPAS1 gene has become prevalent past years Ancient Tibetans carried allele a frequency while modern Tibetans carry a frequency gt widespread presence gene may represent fastest genetic change ever observed humans Recent research into ability Tibetans metabolism function normally oxygen-deficient atmosphere above metres ft shows although Tibetans living high altitudes more oxygen their blood than other people ten times more nitric oxide double forearm blood flow low-altitude dwellers Tibetans inherited adaptation due selected genes associated Denisovan admixture among Asian populations highlighting how different environments trigger different selective pressures Nitric oxide causes dilation blood vessels allowing blood flow more freely extremities aids release oxygen tissues Mythological origins According Tibetan mythology origins Tibetans said rooted marriage monkey Pha Trelgen Changchup Sempa rock ogress Ma Drag Sinmo Religion Buddhists performing prostrations front Jokhang Monastery Further information Bon Tibetan Buddhism Tibetan Muslims Most Tibetans generally observe Tibetan Buddhism a collection native traditions known B n also absorbed into mainstream Tibetan Buddhism a minority Tibetan Muslim population also a small Tibetan Christian population eastern Tibet northwestern Yunnan China According legend 28th king Tibet Thothori Nyantsen dreamed a sacred treasure falling heaven contained a Buddhist sutra mantras religious objects However because Tibetan script had been invented text could translated writing initially knew written Buddhism did take root Tibet until reign Songtsen Gampo who married two Buddhist princesses Bhrikuti Nepal Wencheng China then gained popularity when Padmasambh va visited Tibet invitation 38th Tibetan king Trisong Deutson Today see Tibetans placing Mani stones prominently public places Tibetan lamas both Buddhist B n play a major role lives Tibetans conducting religious ceremonies taking care monasteries Pilgrims plant prayer flags over sacred grounds a symbol good luck prayer wheel a means simulating chant a mantra physically revolving object several times a clockwise direction widely seen among Tibetans order desecrate religious artifacts such Stupas mani stones Gompas Tibetan Buddhists walk around them a clockwise direction although reverse direction true B n Tibetan Buddhists chant prayer Om mani padme hum while practitioners B n chant Om matri muye sale du Culture Main article Culture Tibet Tibetan wearing typical hat operating a quern grind fried barley perpendicular handle such rotary handmills works a crank photo Tibet rich culture Tibetan festivals such Losar Shoton Linka Bathing Festival deeply rooted indigenous religion also contain foreign influences Each person takes part Bathing Festival three times birth marriage death citation needed Art Tibetan art deeply religious nature exquisitely detailed statues found Gonpas wooden carvings intricate designs Thangka paintings Tibetan art found almost every object every aspect daily life Thangka paintings a syncretism Indian scroll-painting Nepalese Kashmiri painting appeared Tibet around 8th century Rectangular painted cotton linen usually depict traditional motifs including religious astrological theological subjects sometimes a mandala ensure image fade organic mineral pigments added painting framed colorful silk brocades Drama Tibetan folk opera known lhamo a combination dances chants songs repertoire drawn Buddhist stories Tibetan history Tibetan opera founded fourteenth century Thang Tong Gyalpo a lama a bridge-builder Gyalpo seven girls he recruited organized first performance raise funds building bridges facilitate transportation Tibet tradition continued uninterrupted nearly seven hundred years performances held various festive occasions such Lingka Shoton festival performance usually a drama held a barren stage combines dances chants songs Colorful masks sometimes worn identify a character red symbolizing a king yellow indicating deities lamas performance starts a stage purification blessings A narrator then sings a summary story performance begins Another ritual blessing conducted end play also many historical myths epics written high lamas reincarnation a chosen who great things Architecture most unusual feature Tibetan architecture many houses monasteries built elevated sunny sites facing south commonly made a mixture rocks wood cement earth Little fuel available heating lighting flat roofs built conserve heat multiple windows constructed let sunlight Walls usually sloped inwards degrees a precaution against frequent earthquakes mountainous area Tibetan homes buildings white-washed outside beautifully decorated inside Standing metres ft height metres ft width Potala Palace considered most important example Tibetan architecture Formerly residence Dalai Lama contains over a thousand rooms within thirteen stories houses portraits past Dalai Lamas statues Buddha divided between outer White Palace serves administrative quarters inner Red Quarters houses assembly hall Lamas chapels shrines a vast library Buddhist scriptures Potala Palace Medicine Traditional Tibetan medicine utilizes up two thousand types plants forty animal species fifty minerals key figures its development renowned 8th century physician Yuthog Yontan Gonpo who produced Four Medical Tantras integrating material medical traditions Persia India China tantras contained a total chapters form Thangkas tell archaic Tibetan medicine essences medicines other places Cuisine A simple Tibetan breakfast Cuisine Tibet reflects rich heritage country people s adaptation high altitude religious culinary restrictions most important crop barley Dough made barley flour called tsampa staple food Tibet either rolled into noodles made into steamed dumplings called momo Meat dishes likely yak goat mutton often dried cooked into a spicy stew potatoes Mustard seed cultivated Tibet therefore features heavily its cuisine Yak yogurt butter cheese frequently eaten well-prepared yogurt considered something a prestige item Clothing Men Women wear long thick dresses chuba more traditional rural regions men wear a shorter version pants underneath style clothing varies between regions Nomads often wear thick sheepskin versions more urban places like Lhasa men women dress modern clothing many choose wear chuba during festivals holidays like Losar Literature Main article Tibetan literature Tibet has national literature has both religious semi-spiritual secular elements While religious texts well-known Tibet also home semi-spiritual Gesar Epic longest epic world popular throughout Mongolia Central Asia secular texts such Dispute Between Tea Chang Tibetan beer Khache Phalu s Advice Retrieved https digitaltibetan win index php title Main_Page amp oldid page last edited March Privacy policy Digital Tibetan Wiki Disclaimers

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						<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Digital Tibetan Wiki</div>
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					<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>Tibetans (Tibetan: བོད་པ་, Wylie: bod pa, THL: bö pa) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Tibet. Their current population is estimated to be around 7.7 million. In addition to the majority living in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, significant numbers of Tibetans live in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, and Yunnan, as well as in Bhutan, India, and Nepal.
</p><p>The Tibetic languages belong to the Tibeto-Burman language group. The traditional or mythological explanation of the Tibetan people's origin is that they are the descendants of the human Pha Trelgen Changchup Sempa and rock ogress Ma Drag Sinmo. It is thought that most of the Tibeto-Burman speakers in southwest China, including Tibetans, are direct descendants from the ancient Qiang people.[10]
</p><p>Most Tibetans practice Tibetan Buddhism, although a significant minority observe the Indigenous Bon religion. There are also smaller communities of Tibetan Muslims and Christians. Tibetan Buddhism influences Tibetan art, drama and architecture, while the harsh geography of Tibet has produced an adaptive culture of Tibetan medicine and cuisine.
</p><p>Demographics
As of the 2014 census, there are about 6 million Tibetans living in the Tibet Autonomous Region and the 10 Tibetan autonomous prefectures in the provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, and Yunnan.[11][12] The SIL Ethnologue in 2009 documents an additional 189,000 Tibetic speakers living in India, 5,280 in Nepal and 4,800 in Bhutan.[13] The Central Tibetan Administration's (CTA) Green Book (of the Tibetan Government in Exile) counts 145,150 Tibetans outside Tibet: a little over 100,000 in India; over 16,000 in Nepal; over 1,800 in Bhutan, and over 25,000 in other parts of the world. There are Tibetan communities in the United States,[14] Australia, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, France, Mexico, Norway, Mongolia, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. In the Baltistan region of Northern Pakistan, the Balti people are a Muslim ethnicity of Tibetan descent numbering around 300,000.[15]
</p><p>There is some dispute over the current and historical number of Tibetans. The Central Tibetan Administration claims that the 5.4 million number is a decrease from 6.3 million in 1959[16] while the Chinese government claims that it is an increase from 2.7 million in 1954.[17] However, the question depends on the definition and extent of "Tibet"; the region claimed by the CTA is more expansive and China more diminutive. Also, the Tibetan administration did not take a formal census of its territory in the 1950s; the numbers provided by the administration at the time were "based on informed guesswork".[18]
</p><p>In China
</p><p>Children in Lhasa, Tibet
</p><p>Children in Lhasa, Tibet
According to the Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China (2010), there are 6,282,187 Tibetans nationwide:[19]
</p><p>There are 2,716,388 people in the Tibet Autonomous Region, 1,496,524 people in Sichuan Province, 1,375,059 people in Qinghai Province, 488,359 people in Gansu Province (mostly in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Bairi Tibetan Autonomous County) and 142,257 people in Yunnan Province (mostly in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture). Tibetans account for 0.47% of the total population of the country. Tibetans account for 90.48% of the total population in Tibet Region, 24.44% of the total population of Qinghai and 1.86% of the total population in Sichuan. Of all Tibetans in China, 315,622 people live in cities, 923,177 in towns, and 5,043,388 people (80.3%) live in rural areas.
</p><p>According to the Seventh Census of 2020, there are 7,060,700 Tibetans living within China. Of the resident population of the Tibet Autonomous Region, 3,204,700 were Tibetans and other ethnic minorities, of whom 3,137,900 were Tibetans, an increase of 421,500, or 15.52%, over 2010, with an average annual growth rate of 1.45%; 66,800 were other ethnic minorities, an increase of 26,300, or 64.95%, over 2010, with an average annual growth rate of 5.13%; and 6,680 were other ethnic minorities, an increase of 26,300, or 64.95%, over 2010, with an average annual growth rate of 5.13%. The average annual growth rate was 5.13%.[20][21]
</p><p>There are one region, ten prefectures, and two counties officially established by the government: the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), Qinghai Province (Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, and Haiximenggu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture), Sichuan Province (Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Ganz Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, and Muji Tibetan Autonomous County), Gansu Province (Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture), and Yunnan Province (Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture).[22]: 33 
</p><p>In India
In India Tibetic people are found in the regions of Ladakh (Ladakhi and Balti), Kinnaur district in Himachal Pradesh, Spiti valley, Uttarakhand (Bhotiya), Sikkim (Bhutia), and Arunachal Pradesh (Khamba, Lhoba and Monpa people). There are also nearly 100,000 Tibetans living in exile in India since 1959,[23] the majority of them living in Tibetan enclaves such as Dharamshala and Bylakuppe.
</p><p>In 2011, the Indian government reported 150,000 Tibetan diaspora residing in India. In 2019, the number of Tibetan diaspora in India declined to 85,000.[24]
</p><p>In Nepal
Tibetans are known as Bhotiyas in Nepal, where they are majority in regions such as Upper Mustang, Dolpo, Walung region and Limi and Muchu valleys. Nepal is also home to other Tibetic people such as the Gurung, Sherpa, Jirel, Hyolmo and Tamang. There are also more than 10,000 Tibetan refugees in Nepal.[25]
</p><p>Language
Main article: Tibetic languages
</p><p>Areas in which concentrations of ethnic Tibetans live within China
</p><p>Tibetan peddler living in Nepal
The Tibetic languages (Tibetan: བོད་སྐད།) are a cluster of mutually unintelligible Sino-Tibetan languages spoken by approximately 8 million people, primarily Tibetan, living across a wide area of East and South Asia, including the Tibetan Plateau and Baltistan, Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhutan. Classical Tibetan is a major regional literary language, particularly for its use in Buddhist literature. [26] The Central Tibetan language (the dialects of Ü-Tsang, including Lhasa), Khams Tibetan, and Amdo Tibetan are generally considered to be dialects of a single language, especially since they all share the same literary language, while Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, Jirel, and Ladakhi are generally considered to be separate languages.[27]
</p><p><br />
Tibetan Middle aged woman in Sikkim
</p><p>Tibetan spectator at celebrations for TCV's 50th anniversary. Dharamsala
Ethnic origins
The ethnic roots of Tibetans can be traced back to a deep Eastern Asian lineage representing the indigenous population of the Tibetan plateau since c. 40,000 to 30,000 years ago, and arriving Neolithic farmers from the Yellow River within the last 10,000 years, and which can be associated with having introduced the Sino-Tibetan languages.[28][29]
</p><p>Genetics
See also: Genetic history of East Asia
Modern Tibetan populations are genetically most similar to other East Asian populations, Bhutanese, as well as other Sino-Tibetan-speaking populations.[30][31] They show relatively more genetic affinity for modern Central Asian than modern Siberian populations.[30] They also share some genetic affinity for South Asian groups.[30]
</p><p>Genetic studies shows that many of the Sherpa people have allele frequencies which are often found in other Tibeto-Burman regions, the strongest affinity was for Tibetan population sample studies done in the Tibet Autonomous Region.[32] Genetically, the Sherpa cluster closest with the sampled Tibetan and Han populations.[33] Additionally, the Sherpa and Tibetans had exhibited affinity for several Nepalese populations, with the strongest for the Rai people, followed by the Magars and the Tamang.[33]
</p><p>Haplogroups
</p><p>Proposed migration routes of the East Asian Y chromosome haplogroups C, D, N and O
Tibetan males predominantly belong to the paternal lineage D-M174 followed by lower amounts of O-M175.[34] Tibetan females belong mainly to the Northeast Asian maternal haplogroups M9a1a, M9a1b, D4g2, D4i and G2ac, showing continuity with ancient middle and upper Yellow River populations.[35]
</p><p>Although "East Asian Highlanders" (associated with haplogroup D1) are closely related to East Asian lowland farmers (associated with haplogroup O), they form a divergent sister branch to them.[36]
</p><p>Autosomal DNA
</p><p>ADMIXTURE graph on modern Tibetan groups.
Full genome studies revealed that Tibetans and other high-alltitude East Asians formed from two divergent Ancient East Eurasian lineages in Eastern Asia, specifically a lineage representing the Paleolithic population of the Tibetan Plateau, and a lineage associated with Ancient Northern East Asians. The Paleolithic Tibetan lineage was found to be distinct from other deep lineages such as Ust'-Ishim, Hoabinhian/Onge or Tianyuan, but forming a clade with them to the exclusion of other Eurasians. The Northern East Asian lineage can be represented by Neolithic Yellow River farmers, which are associated with the spread of Sino-Tibetan languages. Modern Tibetans derive up to 20% from Paleolithic Tibetans, with the remaining 80% being primarily derived from Yellow River farmers.[28] The formation of the present-day Tibetan gene pool dates back at least 5,100 years BP.[29]
</p><p><br />
Principal component analysis (PCA) on chronological, geographic distribution and genetic data of ancient individuals of the Tibetan Plateau
</p><p>Genetic links between Tibeto-Burman speakers and their approximate ancestry components.
Northeastern Tibetans display additional geneflow from a Yellow River farmers-like population c. 4,700 years ago, resulting in the formation of a "Tibetan cline".[29] Modern Tibetans display genetic continuity to ancient samples from Nepal, with their genetic diversity having been reduced compared to 'Early Ancient Tibetans' suggesting low to none geneflow from outside groups since c. 3,500 years ago.[29] Subsequent internal geneflow resulted in "a northeastern plateau ancestry associated with the northeast cluster, a southern plateau ancestry associated with the south-southwest cluster, and a southeastern plateau ancestry associated with the southeast-central cluster".[29]
</p><p>There was limited contact with Central Asian populations, inline with historical events, evident in mutual geneflow. The expansion of the Tibetan Empire may have left genetic traces in surrounding populations.[29]
</p><p>Adaption to high-altitude environments
Genetic studies identified more than 30 genetic factors that make Tibetans' bodies well-suited for high-altitudes, including the EPAS1 gene, also referred to as the "super-athlete gene", which regulates the body's production of hemoglobin,[37] allowing for greater efficiency in the use of oxygen.[38] The genetic basis of Tibetan adaptations have been attributed to a mutation in the EPAS1 gene,[39][40] and has become prevalent in the past 5,000 years. Ancient Tibetans carried this allele at a frequency of 25–58%, while modern Tibetans carry it at a frequency of &gt;75%.[28] The widespread presence of this gene may represent one of "the fastest genetic change ever observed in humans".[41]
</p><p>Recent research into the ability of Tibetans' metabolism to function normally in the oxygen-deficient atmosphere above 4,400 metres (14,400 ft)[42][43][44][45] shows that, although Tibetans living at high altitudes have no more oxygen in their blood than other people, they have ten times more nitric oxide and double the forearm blood flow of low-altitude dwellers. Tibetans inherited this adaptation due to selected genes associated with Denisovan admixture among Asian populations, highlighting how different environments trigger different selective pressures.[46] Nitric oxide causes dilation of blood vessels, allowing blood to flow more freely to the extremities and aids the release of oxygen to tissues.
</p><p>Mythological origins
According to Tibetan mythology, the origins of Tibetans are said to be rooted in the marriage of the monkey Pha Trelgen Changchup Sempa and rock ogress Ma Drag Sinmo.[47]
</p><p>Religion
</p><p>Buddhists performing prostrations in front of Jokhang Monastery.
Further information: Bon, Tibetan Buddhism, and Tibetan Muslims
Most Tibetans generally observe Tibetan Buddhism or a collection of native traditions known as Bön (also absorbed into mainstream Tibetan Buddhism). There is a minority Tibetan Muslim population.[48] There is also a small Tibetan Christian population in the eastern Tibet and northwestern Yunnan of China.
</p><p>According to legend, the 28th king of Tibet, Thothori Nyantsen, dreamed of a sacred treasure falling from heaven, which contained a Buddhist sutra, mantras, and religious objects. However, because the Tibetan script had not been invented, the text could not be translated in writing and no one initially knew what was written in it. Buddhism did not take root in Tibet until the reign of Songtsen Gampo, who married two Buddhist princesses, Bhrikuti of Nepal and Wencheng of China. It then gained popularity when Padmasambhāva visited Tibet at the invitation of the 38th Tibetan king, Trisong Deutson.
</p><p>Today, one can see Tibetans placing Mani stones prominently in public places. Tibetan lamas, both Buddhist and Bön, play a major role in the lives of Tibetans, conducting religious ceremonies and taking care of the monasteries. Pilgrims plant prayer flags over sacred grounds as a symbol of good luck.
</p><p>The prayer wheel is a means of simulating the chant of a mantra by physically revolving the object several times in a clockwise direction. It is widely seen among Tibetans. In order not to desecrate religious artifacts such as Stupas, mani stones, and Gompas, Tibetan Buddhists walk around them in a clockwise direction, although the reverse direction is true for Bön. Tibetan Buddhists chant the prayer "Om mani padme hum", while the practitioners of Bön chant "Om matri muye sale du".
</p><p>Culture
Main article: Culture of Tibet
</p><p>Tibetan wearing the typical hat operating a quern to grind fried barley. The perpendicular handle of such rotary handmills works as a crank (1938 photo).
Tibet is rich in culture. Tibetan festivals such as Losar, Shoton, Linka, and the Bathing Festival are deeply rooted in indigenous religion and also contain foreign influences. Each person takes part in the Bathing Festival three times: at birth, at marriage, and at death.[citation needed]
</p><p>Art
Tibetan art is deeply religious in nature, from the exquisitely detailed statues found in Gonpas to wooden carvings and the intricate designs of the Thangka paintings. Tibetan art can be found in almost every object and every aspect of daily life.
</p><p>Thangka paintings, a syncretism of Indian scroll-painting with Nepalese and Kashmiri painting, appeared in Tibet around the 8th century. Rectangular and painted on cotton or linen, they usually depict traditional motifs including religious, astrological, and theological subjects, and sometimes a mandala. To ensure that the image will not fade, organic and mineral pigments are added, and the painting is framed in colorful silk brocades.
</p><p>Drama
Tibetan folk opera, known as lhamo, is a combination of dances, chants and songs. The repertoire is drawn from Buddhist stories and Tibetan history.[49]
</p><p>Tibetan opera was founded in the fourteenth century by Thang Tong Gyalpo, a lama and a bridge-builder. Gyalpo and seven girls he recruited organized the first performance to raise funds for building bridges to facilitate transportation in Tibet. The tradition continued uninterrupted for nearly seven hundred years, and performances are held on various festive occasions such as the Lingka and Shoton festival. The performance is usually a drama, held on a barren stage that combines dances, chants, and songs. Colorful masks are sometimes worn to identify a character, with red symbolizing a king and yellow indicating deities and lamas. The performance starts with a stage purification and blessings. A narrator then sings a summary of the story, and the performance begins. Another ritual blessing is conducted at the end of the play. There are also many historical myths/epics written by high lamas about the reincarnation of a "chosen one" who will do great things.
</p><p>Architecture
The most unusual feature of Tibetan architecture is that many of the houses and monasteries are built on elevated, sunny sites facing the south. They are commonly made of a mixture of rocks, wood, cement and earth. Little fuel is available for heating or lighting, so flat roofs are built to conserve heat, and multiple windows are constructed to let in sunlight. Walls are usually sloped inwards at 10 degrees as a precaution against frequent earthquakes in the mountainous area. Tibetan homes and buildings are white-washed on the outside, and beautifully decorated inside.
</p><p>Standing at 117 metres (384 ft) in height and 360 metres (1,180 ft) in width, the Potala Palace is considered the most important example of Tibetan architecture.[50] Formerly the residence of the Dalai Lama, it contains over a thousand rooms within thirteen stories and houses portraits of the past Dalai Lamas and statues of the Buddha. It is divided between the outer White Palace, which serves as the administrative quarters, and the inner Red Quarters, which houses the assembly hall of the Lamas, chapels, 10,000 shrines, and a vast library of Buddhist scriptures.[51]
</p><p><br />
Potala Palace, 2013
Medicine
Traditional Tibetan medicine utilizes up to two thousand types of plants, forty animal species, and fifty minerals. One of the key figures in its development was the renowned 8th century physician Yuthog Yontan Gonpo, who produced the Four Medical Tantras integrating material from the medical traditions of Persia, India and China. The tantras contained a total of 156 chapters in the form of Thangkas, which tell about the archaic Tibetan medicine and the essences of medicines in other places.[52]
</p><p>Cuisine
</p><p>A simple Tibetan breakfast
The Cuisine of Tibet reflects the rich heritage of the country and people's adaptation to high altitude and religious culinary restrictions. The most important crop is barley. Dough made from barley flour, called tsampa, is the staple food of Tibet. This is either rolled into noodles or made into steamed dumplings called momo. Meat dishes are likely to be yak, goat or mutton, often dried or cooked into a spicy stew with potatoes. Mustard seed is cultivated in Tibet and therefore features heavily in its cuisine. Yak yogurt, butter and cheese are frequently eaten and well-prepared yogurt is considered something of a prestige item.[53][54][55]
</p><p>Clothing
Men and Women wear long thick dresses (chuba) in more traditional and rural regions.[56] The men wear a shorter version with pants underneath. The style of the clothing varies between regions. Nomads often wear thick sheepskin versions. In more urban places like Lhasa, men and women dress in modern clothing, and many choose to wear chuba during festivals and holidays like Losar.[57][58]
</p><p>Literature
Main article: Tibetan literature
Tibet has national literature that has both religious, semi-spiritual and secular elements. While the religious texts are well-known, Tibet is also home to the semi-spiritual Gesar Epic, which is the longest epic in the world and is popular throughout Mongolia and Central Asia. There are secular texts such as The Dispute Between Tea and Chang (Tibetan beer) and Khache Phalu's Advice.
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